Key Insights
- Liquidity no longer lives on one chain. Capital moves across Ethereum, Layer 2 networks, and alternative Layer 1 ecosystems in search of better net returns. Businesses that deploy an automatic multichain yield strategy can capture higher TVL, reduce user friction, and build recurring revenue through performance and management fees.
- Headline APY does not sustain growth. Net returns after gas, bridge fees, and slippage determine real user value. Strong smart contract security, cross-chain risk controls, automation reliability, and continuous monitoring protect capital and brand reputation. Operational discipline separates durable platforms from short-lived experiments.
- Building an Automatic Multichain Yield Farming Platform requires modular architecture, multichain deployment expertise, advanced analytics, and ongoing optimization. A structured launch plan, phased rollout, and experienced development partner significantly reduce risk, improve time-to-market, and strengthen long-term return on investment.
DeFi is no longer a side experiment. It now moves real value across multiple blockchains, and the market continues to expand. Industry forecasts place the DeFi sector in the hundreds of billions of dollars over the next few years, with annual growth rates above 25 percent. Onchain activity reflects that momentum, with total value locked across blockchains consistently ranging around $90–95 billion as capital shifts between lending, decentralized exchanges, and yield farming strategies.
For businesses, this scale creates real opportunity. Liquidity attracts users, drives transaction flow, and generates fees. It can also act as deployable capital that produces recurring revenue when managed correctly. The challenge is fragmentation. Different chains hold separate liquidity pools, and yields vary by network and protocol. A single-chain product can miss stronger incentives elsewhere or lose margin during periods of high gas fees. An automatic multichain liquidity acquisition yield farming platform addresses this gap by routing capital across chains through predefined rules and automation. It increases TVL capture, supports recurring fee income, reduces operational burden through automated compounding, and strengthens retention through a unified dashboard. At the same time, cross-chain systems carry risk, so security, audits, and disciplined risk controls must remain central to long-term growth.
Understanding Automatic Multichain Liquidity Acquisition in DeFi
What Is an Automatic Multichain Liquidity Acquisition Yield Farming Platform?
This platform is a DeFi system that takes user deposits and deploys them across multiple blockchains to earn yield. It tracks opportunities across ecosystems, then shifts capital based on rules that target net returns. Net returns matter more than headline APY. Gas, bridge fees, slippage, and reward token liquidity all cut into what users take home.
The platform behaves like a yield aggregator with an extra layer. It does not only place funds into pools. It also sources liquidity where it creates the most value for the platform. That value can come from higher incentives, deeper pool fees, or strategic liquidity that unlocks partner deals. In many launches, liquidity acquisition is the growth engine. It helps a new protocol seed pools fast, then keep them healthy once incentives cool down.
For businesses, this model turns yield into a managed product. You package strategy research, execution, and compounding into one service. You also gain a cleaner path to revenue, since fees tie directly to performance and assets under management.
Core Components of a Multichain Yield Farming Architecture
A working platform needs several parts that fit together cleanly.
- Vault contracts hold deposits and track user shares.
- Strategy modules deploy funds into lending markets, DEX pools, staking, or gauges.
- Automation bots or keepers run harvests, rebalances, and compounding actions.
- Cross-chain infrastructure moves assets or sends instructions across networks.
- Oracle systems provide prices and risk signals used in allocation logic.
- Risk controls set caps, pauses, and withdrawal guards to limit damage during incidents.
This modular design keeps the vault stable while strategies change over time. That matters since yields shift fast. Protocol incentives end, new pools launch, and risk profiles change.
How Cross-Chain Liquidity Acquisition Works
Cross-chain liquidity acquisition follows a loop. The platform watches multiple chains for returns that beat its target thresholds. It then routes capital to the chosen chain using bridging or cross-chain messaging. After deployment, it harvests rewards and compounds them back into the position. Then it checks again. If net yield falls or risk rises, it pulls funds and reallocates.
This sounds simple on paper. The real work sits in the details. Cross-chain actions can fail mid-flight. Gas spikes can turn a profitable harvest into a loss. Reward tokens can drop fast if liquidity is thin. A strong platform handles these cases with limits, fallback paths, and clear rules for when to stop and wait.
When you launch this product, you are building more than smart contracts. You are building an automated financial system that must keep working during stress. That is the standard your users will judge you by.
Technical Architecture & Infrastructure Framework
Blockchain Network Selection Strategy
A multichain launch starts with chain selection, not UI design. Pick networks that match your target users and your risk budget. Liquidity depth matters, but activity matters too. You want steady volumes, proven lending markets, and reliable price feeds.
Start with 2–3 chains that already support the assets you plan to accept. Ethereum and large Layer 2 networks often offer deep liquidity and mature protocols. Several Layer 1 chains offer lower transaction costs and strong incentive programs that help early growth. Keep the first release tight. Each new chain adds deployments, monitoring, incident playbooks, and support work. A phased rollout lowers failure risk and keeps your team focused.
Smart Contract Engineering & Security Design
Your contracts hold funds, route capital, and calculate shares. That makes them the product. Use a modular design so vaults stay stable and strategies remain replaceable. Vaults should do a few things well: accept deposits, mint shares, and process withdrawals. Strategies should handle integrations, reward claims, and compounding logic.
Security starts at design time. Concentrated TVL and external protocol calls create real exposure. Treat privileged roles with suspicion. Use strict access control and limit what any single key can change. Add emergency pause controls, and keep them simple. Track per-strategy limits and per-chain exposure caps so one failure cannot drain the full system. Guard against common attack paths such as reentrancy, price manipulation, and unsafe token approvals.
Cross-Chain Integration Framework
Cross-chain design needs clear rules. Decide how assets move and how the platform tracks state across networks. Two models cover most launches.
One model bridges assets to a target chain, then deploys them into strategies there. This centralizes routing, but it concentrates bridge risk. The second model runs native vaults on each chain and coordinates strategy actions through cross-chain messaging. This spreads risk, but it raises ops work and can split liquidity.
Most teams start with native vaults per chain. They keep strategy interfaces consistent across networks. They add cross-chain routing later, after the monitoring stack proves stable and the incident process works under pressure.
Backend Infrastructure & Automation Layer
Automation drives yield, and it also drives trust. Keepers or bots trigger harvests, rebalances, and compounding based on clear thresholds. The backend must track RPC health, gas spikes, oracle drift, and strategy returns in near real time. Run transaction simulations before execution. Retried transactions need safe guards so a stuck keeper does not spam the chain or waste gas.
Treat observability like a core feature. Alerts should fire on failed harvests, abnormal losses, and sudden changes in pool liquidity. A platform that misses one harvest loses yield. A platform that misses one exploit loses reputation.
Frontend & User Experience Engineering
Multichain UX fails when users feel lost. Make the dashboard chain-aware. Show the active network, the expected fees, and the steps for deposit and withdrawal. Keep language direct. Label strategy type and protocol exposure. Show risk flags in plain terms, not jargon.
Good UX also reduces support load. Users should see net returns after fees and costs. They should see where funds sit and how often the system compounds. Clarity improves deposits and reduces panic withdrawals during market swings.
Key Features That Drive Commercial Success
Automated Yield Optimization Engine
A yield platform does not win by showing users a long list of pools. Most users do not have time to compare APYs, gas costs, and reward token risk across five chains. They want one clear choice and a result they can trust.
That is where an automated yield engine earns its keep. It watches yield sources across supported chains and moves capital based on net return. Net return means the user’s yield after gas, bridge fees, slippage, and protocol fees. A strategy that pays 18 percent APY can lose to a 12 percent strategy once costs hit. The engine should treat those costs as first-class inputs, not afterthoughts.
A strong engine also avoids knee-jerk rebalancing. Chasing the highest APY often leads to thin pools and unstable rewards. Good systems filter opportunities before they deploy. They look at pool liquidity, reward token depth, and historical volatility. They also set minimum position sizes so the platform does not burn gas for tiny gains. The best engines batch actions and compound only when it pays.
Do users care how the engine works? Yes, and they also care about one thing more. They want to know the engine will not surprise them. Clear strategy labels and stable behavior build trust, and trust drives TVL growth.
Risk Management & Insurance Layer
In yield farming, risk sits in every layer. Smart contracts can break. Oracles can drift. Bridges can fail. Reward tokens can drop 30 percent in a day. A multichain product multiplies these risks through more dependencies.
Start with hard limits. Cap deposits per strategy. Cap exposure per chain. Add circuit breakers that pause deposits and withdrawals when the system detects abnormal events. Use plain triggers such as oracle deviation beyond a set range, a sudden drop in pool liquidity, or unexpected losses in a position.
Diversification also matters, but do it with intent. Spread funds across different protocols and strategy types. Avoid heavy dependence on a single reward token. Reward emissions often fall over time, and price support can disappear fast once emissions end.
Insurance adds another layer of confidence, mainly for larger buyers. Some teams buy third-party cover. Others build a safety fund from fees. Either way, communicate the rules in simple terms. What events does it cover. How fast does it pay. What limits apply. The goal is not just payout. The goal is decision comfort for a treasury team or an exchange risk committee.
Governance & DAO Integration
Governance is not a badge. It is a control system. It decides how strategies get listed, how risk limits change, and how fees flow into the treasury. Those choices affect growth and survival.
Keep early governance practical. Many teams start with staged permissions. Core parameters stay under strict controls until the platform proves stable in production. Then control shifts toward token holders through clear proposals and time delays. This reduces rushed changes during market stress.
Governance can also support partnerships. It can fund new chain launches, allocate incentives for liquidity bootstrapping, and pay for audits. Governance works when it moves money and priorities toward measurable results, not slogans.
Advanced Analytics & Reporting
APY alone is not enough for serious buyers. They want to know what drove returns and what risks they carried. They also want proof that the numbers add up.
Reporting should show net yield over time, not just projected yield. It should also show fees paid, gas costs, and bridging costs when they apply. Include realized versus expected performance and show drawdowns during volatile weeks. Add chain-level and protocol-level exposure so users can judge concentration risk.
For treasuries and institutions, reporting needs to support review cycles. They need exportable data, clear fee math, and a record of strategy changes. Strong analytics reduces support tickets, improves retention, and shortens sales cycles.
Business Use Cases & Industry Applications
Crypto Startups Launching DeFi Products
Startups often need a yield product early. It helps them attract users and create fee revenue. A multichain platform lets them reach users across ecosystems instead of betting on one chain’s growth. It also reduces build time. They can integrate known protocols and focus their team on distribution, brand, and community trust.
The best fit for startups is a narrow scope at launch. Pick a few assets, a few strategies, and a clear value promise. Then expand once the platform shows stable net yield and low incident rates.
Exchanges Expanding into Yield Farming Services
Exchanges use yield products to keep users engaged and to grow wallet balances. A multichain yield layer can sit behind an “Earn” tab and route funds into onchain strategies. This can create a strong fee business, but exchanges carry a high reputational risk.
That means conservative strategy choices. It also means strict loss controls and clear user disclosures. An exchange product team should treat risk review as part of product design, not a final step.
Institutional DeFi Investment Platforms
Institutions care about yield, but they buy process. They want controls, reporting, and predictable operations. A multichain platform can meet that demand when it supports whitelisted strategies, exposure limits, and role-based access. It also needs audit trails and clear documentation that compliance teams can read.
This segment often values net yield that is stable over time. They will trade a few percentage points for lower risk and better reporting.
Web3 Enterprises Monetizing Idle Treasury Assets
Many Web3 teams hold idle balances between product milestones. Yield farming can turn that idle capital into runway support. Teams can use returns to fund audits, grants, and development work.
Treasury use calls for a conservative profile. Focus on liquid assets, deep pools, and protocols with long operating histories. Set caps and keep emergency exits simple. Treasury stakeholders often approve deployment only after they see reporting and incident controls that match their risk tolerance.
Ready to Launch Your Own Multichain Yield Farming Platform?
Launch a secure multichain yield farming platform with automated liquidity and scalable DeFi features.
Best Practices for Automatic Multichain Yield Farming Platform Development
Prioritizing Smart Contract Security
Treat security like core engineering work. Your contracts hold user funds, so small mistakes become expensive mistakes. Start with modular contracts that separate vault logic from strategy logic. Keep the vault simple. Keep strategy modules replaceable.
Limit privileged access from day one. Every admin function should have a clear purpose and a clear log trail. Use time delays for sensitive changes. Add pause controls that stop deposits fast and allow safe exits. Test the pause path under load, not only in a local demo.
Testing must cover more than happy paths. Vault math needs stress tests with small deposits, large deposits, and repeated deposits and withdrawals. Strategy code needs tests that simulate slippage, reward token sell pressure, and partial failures in external calls. Run fork tests against real protocol contracts, so you see real state and real edge cases.
Audits matter, but audits do not replace internal discipline. Code reviews catch logic errors early. Threat modeling forces the team to name attack paths and close them. Conservative upgrades reduce risk. Treat every new strategy like a new product launch.
Designing Gas-Optimized Transactions
Gas costs can wipe out yield, even when strategy logic looks strong. This hits hardest in multichain systems that trigger frequent harvests and rebalances. Every onchain action needs a cost check. If the cost exceeds the expected gain, skip the action and wait.
Smart compounding thresholds help. Harvest rewards only after they pass a value floor. Batch actions when possible. Use one transaction to claim, swap, and compound when the protocol supports it. Reduce storage writes and repeated approvals. These changes sound small, but they add up across thousands of users and many harvest cycles.
This is not only a cost problem. It is a product problem. Users judge the platform by net yield. If net yield stays stable and predictable, deposits grow. If net yield swings due to fees and gas, users leave.
Implementing Scalable Cross-Chain Architecture
Scalability comes from standardization and repeatability. Use the same vault pattern across chains. Use the same strategy interfaces across chains. Use shared monitoring and alerting rules across chains. This cuts the time and risk of each new deployment.
Avoid single points of failure in cross-chain design. If your platform depends on one bridge for all routing, that bridge becomes a top risk item. Spread risk where possible. Prefer local vaults per chain for early launches. Add cross-chain routing later, and keep it capped until it proves stable in production.
Design for imperfect conditions. Cross-chain messages can arrive late. RPC endpoints can fail. Chains can stall under congestion. Build retry logic and clear timeouts. Add failover paths that stop automated routing during incidents. Treat downtime as normal, not rare.
Continuous Monitoring & Upgrades
A yield platform runs in a hostile environment. Monitor contract events, strategy performance, oracle prices, pool liquidity, and withdrawal patterns. Set alerts for anomalies, not only for outages. A slow drain can be more dangerous than a hard failure.
Upgrades need discipline. Use staged rollouts with small caps, then increase caps only after stable performance. Keep clear release notes and clear user messages. Use testnets and fork tests for every release. A platform that updates too fast breaks trust. A platform that updates too slowly loses yield edge and security posture.
Automatic Multichain Liquidity Acquisition Yield Farming Platform Development Process
Market Research & Business Model Design
Define how you win before you write code. Your edge can come from higher net yield, lower risk, niche asset support, or reporting that suits treasury teams. Model revenue with simple assumptions. Use performance fees and management fees only if your net value remains clear. Stress-test your model against a bear market. Yields compress, and users move fast when incentives drop.
Tokenomics & Incentive Engineering
Incentives can bring TVL fast, but they can also vanish fast. Build rewards that favor retention. Time-weighted rewards and lock boosts can reduce short-term farming behavior. Tie governance rights to real decisions, like strategy listings and risk limits. Plan emissions with milestones. Avoid open-ended schedules that dilute value without growing TVL quality.
Platform Development & Testing
Build the vault core first, then ship strategies in controlled batches. Test vault math with edge cases: tiny deposits, large withdrawals, and fee changes. Test strategy flows against real protocol contracts using fork tests. Run scenario tests for oracle outages, bridge downtime, and sudden pool illiquidity. Validate worst-case withdrawal timing and slippage. Treat reward token liquidity as a risk input, not an assumption.
Security Auditing & Compliance
Run internal reviews before any external audit. Document contract invariants and expected flows. Then bring in third-party auditors and fix issues with clean diffs and retests. Add a public bug bounty after audits and before major TVL growth.
Compliance work depends on your market. Keep your risk disclosures clear. Avoid vague claims on APY. Publish how fees work and how the platform handles incidents. Clear disclosure protects users and reduces legal and reputational risk.
Mainnet Deployment & Liquidity Bootstrapping
Launch with conservative caps and a narrow strategy set. Prove reliability first. Publish transparent metrics on TVL, net yield, and strategy allocations. Partner with known protocols where possible, and keep integrations limited until the system runs smoothly.
Liquidity programs work best when paired with measurable value. Users respond to stable execution, clean reporting, and a strong security posture. Incentives can start the engine, but product trust keeps it running.
Cost Factors & ROI Considerations
Development Cost Breakdown
Development cost rises with each new chain, each new strategy type, and each new security control. Many teams budget for smart contracts and UI, then discover the real bill sits in cross-chain operations and long-term maintenance.
Most spend falls into four buckets.
- Smart contracts: vaults, strategies, fee logic, governance, and safety controls. More strategies mean more integration work and more attack surface.
- Cross-chain layer: deployments on each chain, configuration management, and state coordination. Asset routing adds complexity and demands deeper testing.
- Automation and observability: keepers, simulations, monitoring, alerting, and incident tooling. Without this, harvest failures and stuck transactions become daily problems.
- Frontend and UX: wallet flows, chain switching, reporting, and risk displays. A clean UI drives deposits and lowers support cost.
Define a minimum viable launch. Limit the first release to 2–3 chains and a small set of strategies. Use conservative caps. Ship with a security-first release plan. This lets you prove unit economics before you expand scope.
Operational & Maintenance Costs
After launch, the main work shifts to operations. Your platform becomes a live service that must run every day. Budget for infrastructure, monitoring, and staff time.
Core operating costs usually include RPC providers, indexing, keeper operations, and redundancy for critical services. Security costs continue. Each new strategy calls for internal review and often a new audit cycle. Bug bounties and dependency checks also stay active.
Strategy maintenance also costs money. Protocols change. Incentives end. Reward tokens lose liquidity. A good platform reviews yield sources weekly and adjusts exposure. If you do not do this work, returns drift down and risk drifts up.
Support and communication are part of operations. Clear updates reduce panic during market stress. Clear documentation cuts support volume. This matters more if you sell to treasuries and institutions, where reviews and approvals take time.
Revenue Potential & ROI Forecast
ROI depends on TVL growth and user retention. It also depends on your fee model. Most platforms earn revenue through performance fees, management fees, protocol fees, and B2B licensing or white-label deals.
Headline APY does not create durable TVL. Users stay when they see stable execution, low incident rates, and reporting they can trust. Your ROI model should reflect that reality.
Build a simple forecast that includes three TVL scenarios. Use conservative, baseline, and aggressive ramps. Model a blended take rate that reflects discounts and partner deals. Include operating costs for keepers, security work, and strategy research. Track retention and churn once incentives drop. A platform can earn strong revenue at modest fee rates, but only if trust holds during downturns.
Start Building Your Liquidity Platform Today
What Does It Cost to Build a DeFi Yield Farming Platform?
Cost comes down to scope. A simple single-chain vault with one strategy costs far less than a multichain product with routing, keepers, analytics, and audits. Most teams also underestimate two items: security work and post-launch tooling. Those two decide whether users stay and whether funds remain safe.
The table below shows typical build ranges for a DeFi yield platform. Duration reflects active development time for each module. Cost reflects build cost per module in USD, not including user acquisition or liquidity incentives.
| Feature / Module | Description | Duration (dev time) | Cost (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product discovery + technical spec | Requirements, chain shortlist, strategy shortlist, user flows, fee model, risk limits | 1–3 weeks | $5,000–$20,000 |
| Core vault smart contracts | Deposits, share accounting, withdrawals, fee logic, pause controls | 3–6 weeks | $25,000–$60,000 |
| 1 yield strategy integration | One strategy type (lending or LP), reward claim, basic compounding | 2–5 weeks | $15,000–$45,000 |
| Additional strategy (each) | Extra strategy module with new protocol integration and tests | 2–4 weeks | $10,000–$35,000 |
| Oracle integration | Price feeds, sanity checks, risk triggers (depeg checks, min liquidity rules) | 1–3 weeks | $8,000–$25,000 |
| Keeper / automation bots | Harvest, compound, rebalance triggers, retries, gas controls | 2–6 weeks | $15,000–$50,000 |
| Admin console | Strategy toggles, caps, emergency actions, parameter management | 1–3 weeks | $8,000–$25,000 |
| Frontend web app | Wallet connect, deposit/withdraw UI, positions, yield display, fees, basic risk labels | 3–8 weeks | $20,000–$80,000 |
| Analytics dashboard | Net yield tracking, historical performance, exposures, drawdown view, export | 2–6 weeks | $15,000–$60,000 |
| Indexing + backend APIs | Data pipeline, event indexing, caching, rate limiting | 2–6 weeks | $12,000–$50,000 |
| Multichain deployment setup | Deploy vaults on 2–3 chains, config management, chain-specific handling | 2–6 weeks | $20,000–$70,000 |
| Cross-chain messaging or bridging | Asset routing or instruction routing between chains, safety limits, fail paths | 4–10 weeks | $40,000–$150,000 |
| QA + test suite hardening | Fork tests, stress tests, scenario tests (oracle outage, pool illiquidity) | 2–6 weeks | $10,000–$45,000 |
| Security audit (external) | Independent audit of core contracts and strategies (per audit round) | 3–6 weeks | $25,000–$120,000 |
| Bug bounty setup | Scope, rules, payout tiers, triage workflow | 1–2 weeks | $5,000–$20,000 |
| Mainnet launch support | Deployment runbooks, monitoring setup, first-week incident support | 1–3 weeks | $10,000–$40,000 |
Choosing the Automatic Multichain Yield Farming Platform Development Partner
Technical Expertise & Cross-Chain Experience
A multichain yield farming platform is not a basic dApp. It holds funds, moves funds, and interacts with many external contracts. That mix demands a team that has shipped DeFi systems in production, not only prototypes.
Ask for proof, not promises. A serious partner can point to work that includes vault share accounting and withdrawal logic under stress. They should also show deep experience with AMMs and lending markets, since most strategies depend on swaps, liquidity pools, gauges, and reward claims. Cross-chain experience matters just as much. A team should know how to handle bridge downtime, delayed messages, and chain reorg edge cases without losing funds or breaking accounting.
Testing standards often reveal real maturity. Look for fork testing against mainnet state, adversarial scenario testing, and transaction simulation before execution. These practices reduce the risk of ugly surprises after launch. The real goal is simple. You want a platform that keeps working during congestion, volatility, and protocol upgrades.
Security-First Development Approach
Security cannot be bolted on at the end. It starts before the first contract gets written. A strong partner begins with threat modeling and clear invariants. They map likely attack paths and design around them. They keep privileges tight and upgrade paths conservative. They also build in safety tools such as pause controls, cap controls, and emergency exits.
Audits are still required, but audits sit downstream of architecture and engineering habits. A team that relies only on an audit often ships fragile code. Look for disciplined internal reviews, high test coverage, and clean documentation that auditors can verify. Also ask about deployment playbooks. A safe rollout limits exposure early, then increases caps only after stable performance.
End-to-End DeFi Platform Development Services
Smart contracts alone do not launch a business. A partner should cover the full delivery chain, from product scope to post-launch operations. This includes MVL planning, chain selection, and a roadmap that matches your budget and risk tolerance. It also includes integrations, keepers, monitoring, and a frontend that supports multichain deposits and clear reporting.
Security coordination also belongs in this scope. A good team can manage audit timelines, bug bounty setup, incident readiness, and release checklists. This matters since yield platforms live inside an ecosystem. Your technical choices affect growth, user trust, and day-to-day operations.
Post-Launch Support & Optimization
Mainnet is the start, not the finish. After launch, protocols change rewards, contracts upgrade, and liquidity shifts. Your partner should support strategy iteration, new integrations, and fast patches when the ecosystem changes. They should also improve keeper reliability, alerting quality, and monitoring coverage over time.
Performance work continues too. Teams tune compounding thresholds, execution timing, and fee handling to improve net yield. They also refine risk limits based on live data. Platforms that keep improving tend to retain TVL. Platforms that stand still fall behind.
Conclusion
Multichain automation now sets the baseline for serious yield products. Liquidity sits across many chains, and users expect one product that can deploy capital where returns make sense. This creates a strong opportunity for businesses that can deliver stable net yield and clear reporting.
Complexity rises with that opportunity. Cross-chain dependencies add risk. Automated strategies demand reliable operations. Market conditions shift fast, so the platform must adapt without breaking user trust. The business path is direct. Build for security and operations first. Build a yield engine that targets net return, not headline APY. Invest in monitoring, audits, and disciplined upgrades from day one.
Partnering with Blockchain App Factory can shorten timelines and reduce execution risk. A specialized team with deep expertise in Automatic Multichain Yield Farming Platform Development can support architecture design, smart contract engineering, cross-chain integrations, automation layers, and post-launch optimization.
